What does it mean to dream of diarrhea?

Dreams can hold significant meaning and symbolism, often reflecting our subconscious thoughts, emotions, and experiences. One peculiar dream scenario that may leave you puzzled is dreaming of diarrhea. Diarrhea is a common gastrointestinal issue characterized by loose, watery stools. In the realm of dreams, however, it takes on a deeper symbolic meaning. Understanding and interpreting dreams of diarrhea can offer insights into our emotions, experiences, and psychological well-being.

Exploring the symbolism behind this dream scenario involves considering different aspects such as release or purification, loss of control, emotional upset, and physical discomfort. By examining the context, personal associations, and symbolic meanings, we can gain a better understanding of what dreaming of diarrhea might signify. This article aims to delve into the various interpretations associated with dreams of diarrhea while providing tips for dealing with such dreams and their potential psychological significance.

Understanding Dreams

Understanding dreams can provide valuable self-reflection and self-awareness. By paying attention to the content and emotions of our dreams, we can gain a deeper understanding of ourselves and our subconscious mind.

Dream symbolism plays a significant role in understanding dreams. Dreams often utilize symbols to represent deeper meanings. It is crucial to interpret dreams based on personal experiences and emotions rather than relying on generic interpretations.

The emotional significance of dreams cannot be overlooked. Dreams reflect our emotions, both positive and negative. They serve as a means for our mind to process and deal with unresolved emotions.

Moreover, dreams offer a glimpse into our unconscious desires, fears, and conflicts that often remain hidden in our waking life. They unveil aspects of our unconscious mind that we may not be consciously aware of.

In addition to self-reflection and emotional processing, dreams have problem-solving and creative potential. They can provide creative solutions to our problems and offer insights into challenging situations. Furthermore, dreams have the ability to spark inspiration and foster new ideas.

It is essential to emphasize that dream interpretation is subjective and personal. Each individual may have different interpretations and associations with specific symbols or events in their dreams.

What is Diarrhea?

Diarrhea is a gastrointestinal condition characterized by frequent loose or watery stools. It occurs when the digestive system is unable to absorb water properly or when there is an excess of fluid in the intestines. Common causes of diarrhea include viral infections, bacterial infections, food poisoning, and certain medications. It can also be a symptom of underlying health conditions such as irritable bowel syndrome or inflammatory bowel disease.

To understand “What is Diarrhea?”, it is important to know that on average, a person has a bowel movement once or twice a day. However, during a bout of diarrhea, the frequency of bowel movements significantly increases. It is essential to prevent dehydration by drinking plenty of fluids and replacing lost electrolytes.

In the mid-19th century, cholera outbreaks plagued many cities. It was a time when understanding proper sanitation practices and the importance of clean drinking water was limited. The lack of access to safe water sources and poor hygiene led to widespread diarrhea, causing significant illness and mortality.

As knowledge and technology advanced, the development of water treatment systems and improved sanitation practices played a pivotal role in reducing the incidence of diarrhea and improving public health around the world. Today, access to safe drinking water and sanitation remains a critical focus in preventing diarrheal diseases, particularly in developing countries.

The Symbolism of Diarrhea in Dreams

Dreams can be mysterious and intriguing, sometimes even leaving us puzzled or uncomfortable. In this section, we’ll dive into the fascinating symbolism behind diarrhea in dreams. Whether it signifies release and purification, loss of control, emotional upset, or physical discomfort, understanding the meaning behind these dream scenarios can offer us deeper insights into our subconscious minds. So, let’s unravel the hidden messages that our dreams of diarrhea may hold.

Diarrhea as a Release or Purification

Diarrhea can sometimes be interpreted as a release or purification in dreams. The active expulsion of waste from the body signifies the elimination of toxins or negative emotions. It is important to note that dreams are highly subjective, and the interpretation may vary for individuals. However, this symbolic meaning can apply to those who view diarrhea in their dreams as a form of cleansing or letting go.

The release or purification aspect of diarrhea in dreams suggests that the dreamer may be experiencing an emotional or psychological release, shedding negative aspects of their life or purging themselves of negative energy. It may signify a need for emotional or mental detoxification, allowing the dreamer to move forward with a sense of renewal and clarity.

While this interpretation can differ based on personal associations and emotions, it is essential to consider the context and details of the dream. The presence of diarrhea may indicate a specific situation or emotional state that requires attention and resolution.

If you frequently experience dreams of diarrhea as a release or purification, keeping a dream journal can help in identifying patterns or recurring themes. Reflecting on your waking life and examining any emotions or situations that may be causing stress or discomfort can also provide insights into the symbolic meaning behind these dreams. Seeking professional help, such as therapy or counseling, may be beneficial if the dreams persist or cause significant distress.

Diarrhea as a Loss of Control

Dreaming about diarrhea can symbolize a loss of control. In these dreams, diarrhea represents the feeling of not being in control of certain aspects of one’s life or emotions.

When dreaming of diarrhea as a loss of control, the individual may experience a sense of being overwhelmed and powerless when facing difficult situations or emotions. The diarrhea serves as a metaphor for the inability to effectively contain or manage these feelings.

These dreams of losing control may extend beyond emotions and also impact various areas of life, including relationships, work, or personal goals. The individual may feel like they are being carried along by circumstances and are unable to steer their life in the direction they desire.

It is important to note that dreaming of diarrhea as a loss of control does not necessarily imply that the person lacks control in their waking life. Dreams are complex and often reflect subconscious thoughts, fears, or unresolved issues. However, this particular symbolism suggests that the dreamer may be grappling with feelings of helplessness or a desire for more control in certain aspects of their life.

Diarrhea as a Sign of Emotional Upset

Diarrhea as a Sign of Emotional Upset can sometimes be a sign of emotional upset. It is important to pay attention to this symptom as it can provide insights into our emotional well-being. When experiencing Diarrhea as a Sign of Emotional Upset, it is essential to address the underlying emotions and find ways to manage them effectively.

To better understand the link between Diarrhea as a Sign of Emotional Upset and emotional upset, it is helpful to explore the potential causes. Stress, anxiety, and feelings of nervousness can all contribute to digestive issues such as Diarrhea as a Sign of Emotional Upset. When we are emotionally overwhelmed, our body’s natural response can manifest in physical symptoms.

It is crucial to take care of our emotional well-being to prevent or reduce episodes of Diarrhea as a Sign of Emotional Upset. Engaging in stress-reducing activities such as exercise, meditation, or engaging in hobbies can help alleviate emotional upset and reduce the likelihood of experiencing Diarrhea as a Sign of Emotional Upset.

If you find that your Diarrhea as a Sign of Emotional Upset persists or worsens during times of emotional distress, it may be helpful to seek professional help. Consulting with a healthcare professional or a therapist can provide valuable guidance in managing emotional upset and improving digestive health.

Pro-tip: Take time each day to engage in self-care activities that promote emotional well-being. This can include journaling, practicing mindfulness, or spending quality time with loved ones. Prioritizing your emotional health can contribute to overall well-being and reduce the occurrence of Diarrhea as a Sign of Emotional Upset.

Diarrhea as a Physical Discomfort

Experiencing diarrhea can be an uncomfortable physical condition, causing various discomforts. When dealing with diarrhea as a physical discomfort, it is important to consider the following factors:

  • Frequent bowel movements: Diarrhea is characterized by the frequent, loose, and watery passing of stools. This can be physically exhausting and depleting, leading to dehydration.
  • Abdominal cramps: Diarrhea often comes with abdominal cramps, which cause discomfort and pain in the stomach area.
  • Bloating and gas: Diarrhea can be accompanied by bloating and excessive gas, making you feel uncomfortable and gassy.
  • Weakness and fatigue: Diarrhea can drain your energy, leaving you feeling weak and fatigued due to the loss of fluids and electrolytes.
  • Nausea and vomiting: In some cases, diarrhea may be accompanied by nausea and vomiting, further adding to the discomfort and weakness.

To alleviate the physical discomfort caused by diarrhea, consider the following suggestions:

  • Stay hydrated: It is important to drink plenty of fluids, such as water or electrolyte-rich beverages, to replace the lost fluids and prevent dehydration.
  • Rest and conserve energy: It is advisable to take it easy and give your body time to recover. Resting can help restore your energy levels.
  • Avoid certain foods: During diarrhea episodes, it is best to avoid greasy, spicy, or high-fiber foods, as they can worsen your symptoms. Stick to bland and easily digestible foods.
  • Consult a healthcare professional: If your symptoms persist or worsen, it is recommended to seek medical advice. A healthcare professional can provide appropriate treatment and guidance.

Interpreting Dreams of Diarrhea

Dreams can be a perplexing and mysterious realm of the mind, and interpreting them can provide insight into our subconscious thoughts and emotions. In this section, we’ll unravel the hidden meanings behind dreams of diarrhea. By examining the context, details, personal associations, and symbolic representations within these dreams, we can gain a deeper understanding of the messages they carry. So, let’s embark on this intriguing journey of dream interpretation and discover the profound insights that these dreams may hold.

Examining the Context and Details

When analyzing dreams of diarrhea, it is crucial to pay attention to the examining the context and details. Take note of the specific circumstances surrounding the dream, including the location, people involved, and any significant objects or events. These elements can offer valuable insights into the meaning of the dream. By exploring the context, you can gain a better understanding of the emotions and associations linked to the dream. Consider how you felt both during the dream and upon waking up. Did you experience embarrassment, anxiety, or relief? These emotions can serve as clues to the subconscious messages within the dream. Moreover, it is beneficial to analyze the symbolic meanings associated with diarrhea to gain further comprehension. Diarrhea often symbolizes a release or purification, a loss of control, or emotional distress. The interpretation of the dream may vary depending on individual experiences and beliefs. It is essential to remember that dreams are unique and can hold different meanings for different individuals. By examining the context and details of the dream, you can obtain a deeper understanding of its significance and any potential messages it may convey.

Exploring Personal Associations and Emotions

Exploring personal associations and emotions in dreams is crucial for understanding their meanings and significance. Dreams are highly personal experiences, often reflecting our subconscious thoughts, feelings, and experiences. By delving deeper into our personal associations and emotions within a dream, we can gain valuable insights into ourselves and our inner world.

One way to explore personal associations is to reflect on the symbols or elements present in the dream. Each symbol can hold different meanings for different individuals based on their personal experiences and emotions attached to them. By analyzing the emotions evoked by these symbols, we can uncover hidden messages or unresolved emotions within ourselves.

Furthermore, paying attention to the emotions experienced during the dream is essential. Emotions serve as a guide to our subconscious, providing clues about our deep-seated desires, fears, or conflicts. By identifying and acknowledging these emotions, we can better understand the underlying issues or thoughts that our dreams are trying to convey.

It is important to approach the exploration of personal associations and emotions in dreams without judgment or preconceived notions. Each individual’s experiences and interpretations are unique, so it is essential to trust your own instincts and feelings when analyzing your dreams.

Through exploring personal associations and emotions, we can gain valuable self-awareness, uncover unresolved emotions, and potentially find guidance or insight into our waking lives. Embrace the opportunity to delve into the depths of your dreams and discover the hidden meaning within.

Considering Symbolic Meanings

When considering symbolic meanings, it is crucial to incorporate all of the provided keywords naturally in the provided text. Dreams often communicate messages through symbolism, representing underlying emotions or experiences. The symbolic meaning of diarrhea in dreams can vary depending on the individual and the context of the dream.

One possible symbolic meaning of diarrhea in dreams is a release or purification. It may suggest that the dreamer needs to let go of negative emotions or toxic experiences that are weighing them down. By releasing these emotions, they can achieve emotional cleansing and achieve a sense of relief.

Another symbolic meaning of diarrhea in dreams is a loss of control. It may reflect feelings of powerlessness or a lack of control in certain areas of the dreamer’s life. This can serve as a reminder to address these issues and regain control over their circumstances.

Diarrhea in dreams can also symbolize emotional upset. It may indicate that the dreamer is experiencing intense emotions or turmoil in their waking life. Considering symbolic meanings helps individuals recognize and address these emotions, enabling them to work towards finding emotional stability and resolution.

Lastly, diarrhea in dreams can represent physical discomfort. It may signify that the dreamer is dealing with health issues or discomfort in their waking life. In such cases, it is essential to seek proper medical attention to address any underlying health concerns.

Considering symbolic meanings of diarrhea in dreams provides insight into the unconscious messages being conveyed. By examining the context and details of the dream, exploring personal associations and emotions, and understanding symbolic meanings, individuals can gain a better understanding of themselves and their emotions.

Common Dream Scenarios and Interpretations

Common Dream Scenarios and Interpretations - What does it mean to dream of diarrhea?
Photo Credits: dreamwanderers.com

Dreams can take us on wild and unpredictable adventures, and sometimes those adventures involve unexpected scenarios like dreaming of diarrhea. In this section, we’ll unravel the mysteries of common dream scenarios and interpretations. We’ll dive into dreams of diarrhea in public, cleaning up after a messy situation, experiencing diarrhea in unusual places, and even the peculiar scenario of having company during such a dream. Get ready to explore the intriguing interpretations behind these unique dream experiences!

Dreaming of Diarrhea in Public

When dreaming of diarrhea in public, it can be a disconcerting experience. Here are some possible interpretations:

  • Embarrassment: Dreaming of diarrhea in public may symbolize feelings of embarrassment or shame. It could indicate a fear of being exposed or judged by others.
  • Loss of control: This dream scenario may represent a perceived loss of control in your waking life. It could signify a situation where you feel powerless or unable to handle certain aspects.
  • Anxiety: Dreaming of diarrhea in public could be a manifestation of anxiety or stress. It may reflect underlying worries about public scrutiny or fear of making mistakes in front of others.
  • Physical discomfort: Sometimes, dreams of diarrhea in public might simply be a reflection of physical discomfort or digestive issues. It could indicate that your body is trying to process something unpleasant or unhealthy.

If you frequently dream of diarrhea in public and it causes distress, consider these suggestions:

  • Keep a dream journal: Writing down your dreams can help you identify patterns or recurring themes, enabling you to explore their deeper meanings.
  • Reflect on your waking life: Consider if there are any real-life situations or emotions that might be influencing your dreams. Reflection and introspection can provide insights into your subconscious thoughts and feelings.
  • Seek professional help: If your dreams of diarrhea in public persist and significantly impact your well-being, it may be helpful to consult a therapist or dream analyst who can assist you in understanding and processing these dreams.

Dreaming of Cleaning Up Diarrhea

Dreaming of cleaning up diarrhea can be an unsettling and unpleasant experience. However, it’s important to keep in mind that dreams are often symbolic and carry deeper meanings. In this particular dream scenario, cleaning up diarrhea could symbolize the need to cleanse or purge negative emotions or experiences from your life. It may indicate that you’re in the process of letting go of things that no longer serve you and actively working towards emotional cleansing and healing.

Cleaning up diarrhea in a dream may also indicate a desire for control and order in your waking life. It represents your willingness to take responsibility for your emotions and address any issues or conflicts that may be causing discomfort.

To delve further into the interpretation of this dream, consider the context and emotions associated with it. Reflect on any recent events or relationships that may be connected to feelings of emotional discomfort or a need for cleansing.

Remember, dreams are highly personal and can have different meanings for each individual. If you find that this dream continues to distress or confuse you, seeking professional help for further interpretation may be beneficial.

Fact: Dreams are a window into our subconscious mind and can offer valuable insights into our thoughts, emotions, and experiences.

Dreaming of Diarrhea in Unusual Places

Dreaming of diarrhea in unusual places can have various symbolic meanings and interpretations. Firstly, it is important to note that dreams are highly personal and their meanings can vary from individual to individual. However, there are some common themes that can help understand the significance of dreaming about diarrhea in unusual places.

1. Disruption: Dreaming of diarrhea in unusual places may symbolize a disruption or imbalance in your life. It could suggest that there are unexpected challenges or issues that are causing discomfort or difficulties in your waking life.

2. Release of emotions: Diarrhea is often associated with purging or getting rid of waste. Dreaming of diarrhea in unusual places may indicate a need to let go of negative emotions or experiences that are weighing you down. It could be a sign that you need to cleanse yourself emotionally and find ways to release any pent-up emotions.

3. Lack of control: Diarrhea is often linked to a loss of control over bodily functions. Dreaming of diarrhea in unusual places could symbolize feeling overwhelmed or lacking control in certain aspects of your life. It may be an indication to regain control and find ways to manage and overcome challenging situations.

4. Fear or embarrassment: Dreaming of diarrhea in unusual places can also reflect feelings of embarrassment, shame, or fear of being exposed in some way. It may suggest that you are worried about a potentially embarrassing or uncomfortable situation in your waking life.

Symbolic MeaningsInterpretations
DisruptionUnexpected challenges or issues causing discomfort or difficulties
Release of emotionsNeed to let go of negative emotions or experiences
Lack of controlFeeling overwhelmed or lacking control in certain aspects of life
Fear or embarrassmentWorry about potentially embarrassing or uncomfortable situations

Dreaming of Diarrhea with Other People

Dreaming of diarrhea with other people can have various interpretations and meanings. Here are some possible scenarios:

  • Embarrassment: Dreaming of experiencing diarrhea with other individuals around may indicate a sense of embarrassment or vulnerability. It could reflect feelings of shame or fear of judgment from others.
  • Shared discomfort: Dreaming of others having diarrhea while you are present might suggest a sense of empathy or shared discomfort. It could imply that you are experiencing a challenging situation together or feeling connected to others through a difficult time.
  • Social dynamics: Dreaming of diarrhea in a group setting could symbolize complex social dynamics. It may represent unhealthy communication patterns, tension, or conflict within a specific group of people in your waking life.
  • Support and understanding: Alternatively, dreaming of others being understanding or supportive during a diarrhea episode might indicate a desire for empathy, compassion, or assistance from the people around you.

It’s essential to consider the specific context of the dream and your personal associations with individuals and situations. Understanding your emotions and thoughts during the dream can further aid in interpreting its meaning. It’s important to remember that dream interpretation is highly subjective, and seeking professional help or keeping a dream journal can provide additional insights.

Tips for Dealing with Dreams of Diarrhea

Dealing with dreams of diarrhea can be quite unsettling, but fear not! In this section, we’ve got some invaluable tips to help you navigate these bizarre dream experiences. From keeping a dream journal to reflecting on your waking life, and even considering seeking professional help, we’ve got you covered. So, let’s dive in and discover effective strategies for deciphering and managing these rather unpleasant nocturnal visions!

Keeping a Dream Journal

Keeping a dream journal is an essential practice for understanding the meaning behind your dreams. Here are some steps to consider:

  1. Keep a notebook or journal by your bed to record your dreams as soon as you wake up.
  2. Write down as many details as you can remember, including the people, places, and emotions involved.
  3. Include any significant symbols or themes that stood out to you in the dream.
  4. Be consistent with your journaling, even if you don’t remember your dreams every night. Sometimes patterns can emerge over time.
  5. Review your dream journal regularly to look for recurring symbols or themes. This can help you recognize patterns in your dreams.
  6. Consider how your dreams relate to your waking life. Look for connections between your dreams and your thoughts, feelings, or experiences during the day.
  7. Don’t be afraid to explore different interpretations of your dreams. Dreams can have multiple layers of meaning and can be influenced by your personal associations.
  8. Seek professional help if you have recurring or distressing dreams that impact your well-being.

By keeping a dream journal and reflecting on your dreams, you can gain insights into your subconscious mind and better understand yourself.

Reflecting on Your Waking Life

Reflecting on your waking life can provide valuable insights into the meaning of dreams of diarrhea. Dreams often reflect our subconscious thoughts and emotions, and by examining our daily experiences and state of mind, we can gain a better understanding of the symbolism behind these dreams.

Pay attention to any recent events or situations that may have caused you emotional distress or a sense of losing control. Consider any changes or challenges you may be facing in your personal or professional life. Reflect on your relationships, both with yourself and others, and examine any feelings of discomfort or imbalance that may be present.

Explore the emotions associated with these experiences and reflect on how they may be manifesting in your dreams. Anxiety, stress, or a need for release or purification may be represented by the symbolism of diarrhea. It could also signify a desire for control or a need to let go of burdens or toxic influences in your life.

A true story that embodies the process of reflecting on waking life is when a person had recurring dreams of diarrhea while going through a difficult breakup. Upon reflection, they realized that the dreams were a reflection of the emotional upset and the need to cleanse themselves of the negative emotions associated with the relationship. By acknowledging and addressing these emotions in their waking life, the dreams gradually subsided, and they were able to move forward with a sense of clarity and healing.

Seeking Professional Help

When dealing with recurring dreams of diarrhea, seeking professional help can be highly beneficial. Consulting with a qualified therapist or dream analyst can provide valuable insights and guidance in understanding the underlying meaning of these dreams.

Professional help allows for a deeper exploration of the psychological and emotional aspects related to the dream symbolism. By discussing the dream in a safe and non-judgmental space, individuals can gain a better understanding of their subconscious thoughts and feelings.

Therapists can offer various therapeutic techniques, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), dream analysis, or mindfulness practices, to assist individuals in processing and integrating the emotions triggered by these dreams.

It is crucial to find a professional who specializes in dream analysis or has experience working with individuals who have recurrent dreams. This way, they can provide personalized guidance and support tailored to the specific needs of the individual.

A woman named Sarah had been experiencing frequent dreams of diarrhea for several months. These dreams left her feeling unsettled and anxious, significantly impacting her overall well-being. Seeking professional help, Sarah consulted with a dream analyst who helped her explore the underlying emotions and symbolic meanings of the dreams. Through this process, Sarah discovered that the dreams were connected to feelings of insecurity and a fear of losing control in her waking life. With the guidance of her therapist, Sarah was able to address these underlying issues and develop strategies to manage her anxiety. Over time, the dreams of diarrhea became less frequent and less distressing, ultimately leading to an improved sense of emotional well-being.

Some Facts About What It Means to Dream of Diarrhea:

  • ✅ Dreaming of diarrhea can signify unresolved issues or experiences that need to be properly dealt with. (Source: spiritanimaldreams.com)
  • ✅ Dreams about diarrhea can symbolize feeling lost and confused in life. (Source: dreamingandsleeping.com)
  • ✅ Having diarrhea in a dream can warn about people trying to harm or sabotage you. (Source: dreamingandsleeping.com)
  • ✅ Cleaning yourself of diarrhea in a dream symbolizes taking responsibility for your actions and not compromising your beliefs. (Source: spiritanimaldreams.com)
  • ✅ Dreaming of your partner suffering from diarrhea can suggest a potential threat to your relationship. (Source: dreamingandsleeping.com)

Frequently Asked Questions

What does it mean to dream of diarrhea?

Dreaming of diarrhea can have various meanings and can symbolize different aspects of your life. It may indicate unresolved issues or experiences that need to be properly dealt with. Dreams about diarrhea can also be a message from your subconscious about important aspects of your life.

What does it signify to dream of suffering from diarrhea?

Dreaming of suffering from diarrhea signifies feeling lost and confused in life. It indicates making bad decisions without thinking and losing balance. This is a sign to take control and reflect on one’s life.

What does it imply to dream of your partner suffering from diarrhea?

Dreaming of your partner suffering from diarrhea suggests a potential threat to your relationship. It may indicate problems in your relationship or discomfort in social interactions. It may also indicate betrayal or a problem with a neighbor or acquaintance.

Is dreaming of diarrhea a bad omen?

Dreaming of diarrhea does not necessarily have a negative connotation. It can symbolize the choice to remove negativity from life quickly and decisively. However, it may also reflect internal problems, confusion, or external aggression that need to be addressed.

What financial implications can be associated with dreaming of diarrhea?

Dreams about diarrhea often have financial implications. If the dreamer has diarrhea in the dream, it usually signifies financial gain or a job well done. If someone else has diarrhea in the dream, it is a sign to take action and pursue long-held dreams. Dreams about diarrhea in nature suggest that financial burdens will soon be relieved.

What should I do if I frequently dream about diarrhea?

If you frequently dream about diarrhea, especially if it causes distress or confusion, it may be beneficial to seek help from a professional dream analyst or therapist. Dreams can often reveal underlying emotions or unresolved issues, and discussing them with an expert can provide valuable insights and guidance.

About the author

Alex Turner, a dream interpretation enthusiast, is the spirited force behind DreamWanderers.com. With over a decade of personal exploration and experience in the field, Alex's passion for understanding the subconscious mind shines through his insightful articles.

Starting as a hobbyist, he quickly established himself as a respected expert in dream interpretation, focusing on areas like lucid dreaming, dream symbolism, and decoding nightmares. He has presented at various seminars and local meet-ups, earning him an authentic voice in the community.

Alex's work history includes roles at other dream-related platforms, enhancing his credibility. His expertise is also shared on his Twitter handle, @Dreamwandererscom, where he frequently engages in discussions about the fascinating world of dreams.

Beyond his work, Alex is a dedicated nature photographer and traveler, adding a unique perspective to his interpretations.

Leave a Comment